Upon Genghis KhanвЂ™s death, the Mongol empire was partitioned into four parts. The extent of the Mongol empire, circa 1294 The map below shows the extent of the Mongol empire in 1294 CE, which is just two years before Alauddin Khilji ascended the throne of Delhi. Radiating outwards from Mongolia, the Mongols, first under Genghis and, after his death in 1227 CE, under his sons and grandsons, embarked upon a plan of global conquest that resulted in the largest land empire in history вЂ“ conquering China, Russia, Central Asia, Persia, Iraq, Syria, Afghanistan, Kashmir, and eastern Europe (parts of Hungary and Poland), and left a trail of death and destruction behind them. In the Indian subcontinent, he is known as Changez Khan. The Mongol dynasty was founded in 1206 CE, when a council of Mongol tribesmen elected the warrior Temujin as their leader and conferred upon him, at the age of 44, the title of Genghis вЂ“ meaning вЂњMightyвЂќ вЂ“ Khan. Much of what we know about them is based on the writings of scholars such as Rashid al-Din and other Islamic scholars who lived in the time of the Mongols. The Mongols were largely illiterate, so much of their history was written by the people of the territories they conquered, such as the Islamic lands of the near east, and of China and Russia. Khilji is rightly viewed negatively for his cruelty and brutality but he should also, in fairness, be seen as the saviour of Hindustan that he unwittingly ended up being, by repelling the formidable and ruthless Mongol hordes. Indeed, Khilji is a classic study in the layered and complex nature of historical figures whom it is impossible to portray in the black-and-white terms that modern politics seems to demand. Their habit of leaving conquered countries as wastelands that would not spring back for at least a hundred years, and their tendency to rule even the regions they settled in, such as Russia, in an exploitative and backward way, are well-known to historians and laypersons alike.ДЄgainst this backdrop, one can safely argue that Alauddin Khilji, for all his faults, actually saved the syncretic culture of the Indian subcontinent of that time вЂ“ which included Hindu, Muslim, Buddhist, and Jain subcultures вЂ“ from enormous destruction, even if preserving the culture of India may not have been what motivated his resistance to the Mongols. What the Mongol invaders inflicted on Persia, the Caliphate of Baghdad, Russia, and elsewhere is well documented вЂ“ genocide, the destruction of infrastructure, and the destruction of native culture, literature, and religious institutions. What is not well-known, however, is that Khilji, for all his faults, saved India from a fate much worse than even his own oppressive rule вЂ“ that of the murderous Mongols, who tried to invade the Indian subcontinent six times during his reign as the sultan of Delhi, and failed miserably, thanks to his brilliance as a general, the quality, discipline, and bravery of his army and its commanders, and their superior military tactics. A portrait of Allauddin Khilji, made in the 17th century.

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